Antioxidants

Today,antioxidants are regularly mentioned in the media as well as in specialist literature. You can find antioxidants in drugstores, pharmacies and online stores and their benefits are extolled by both manufacturers and the media.

However, very few people know what antioxidants really are and how they work. The concept of antioxidants is quite complex, but this article will do its best to explain everything you need to know about the subject in an easy-to-understand way.

What are antioxidants and how do they work?

To understand how antioxidants work, we need to start at the molecular level... As everyone will probably know, all matter in our universe is made up of individual atoms. Atoms consist of a nucleus made up of protons and neutrons and electrons orbiting around this nucleus. Electrons carry a negative charge, while protons carry a positive charge. Neutrons, as their name suggests, are electrically neutral and carry no charge.

When two or more atoms join together, they become something called a molecule. The human body is made up of substances such as proteins, fats, DNA and many other building blocks, which are basically nothing more than large molecules made up of dozens, hundreds or even thousands of atoms bonded together. The human body and other organisms maintain their structure and function through chemical reactions. All of the chemical reactions required to sustain life are collectively referred to as metabolism.

In these chemical reactions, larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules and larger molecules are built up from smaller molecules. For a molecule to be stable, it must contain the right amount of electrons. If a molecule loses one of its electrons, it can turn into what is known as a free radical.

Free radicals are unstable, electrically charged molecules that can react with and damage other molecules, such as the DNA of cells. This can lead to dangerous chain reactions if the damaged molecules themselves become free radicals again.

This is where antioxidants come into play. When a molecule loses an electron and turns into a free radical, the antioxidant molecule steps in and donates an electron to the free radical to neutralize it and render it harmless. The term "neutralize" also applies here in the sense of electrical charge, as the donation of the electron turns an electrically charged molecule into a molecule with a neutral electrical charge. This is the mechanism underlying antioxidants. They donate electrons to free radicals, which neutralizes them and prevents them from causing damage.

Summary: Antioxidants are molecules that prevent damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidants do this by donating an electron to these free radicals, thereby neutralizing them.

Antioxidants and free radicals are both important

Free radicals are continuously produced during natural metabolic processes and without antioxidants they would destroy your body quite quickly. However, it is important to keep in mind that these free radicals also fulfill important functions that are essential for our survival (1).

The body's immune cells use free radicals to kill bacteria that infect us (2). As with so many things in the body, we need a certain balance...we need the right amount of free radicals and the right amount of antioxidants to keep everything under control.

When this balance gets out of control, things can start to go wrong. If the free radicals, which have an oxidative effect, outnumber the antioxidants, then this can lead to a condition known as oxidative stress. During oxidative stress, important molecules in the body can become seriously damaged...sometimes even leading to cell death. Several stressors and lifestyle factors are known to promote excessive free radical formation and oxidative stress:

• Air pollution
• cigarette smoke
• alcohol consumption
• Toxins
• High blood sugar levels (3, 4)
• Consumption of large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (5)
• Radiation including excessive sunbathing
• Infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses
• Excessive intake of iron, magnesium, copper or zinc (1)
• Too little oxygen in the body (6)
• Too much oxygen in the body
• Intense and prolonged exercise that causes damage to muscle tissue (7)
• Excessive intake of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E (1)
• A lack of antioxidants (8)

Prolonged oxidative stress leads to an increased risk of negative health effects, including heart disease. Oxidative stress is also believed to contribute to the ageing process.

Summary: The body needs a certain balance between free radicals and antioxidants. When this balance is disturbed, it can lead to oxidative stress, which can have all kinds of negative effects on health.

Antioxidants are essential for life and are found in all types of food Antioxidants are essential for the survival of all living organisms. The human body even produces its own antioxidants, such as the cellular antioxidant glutathione. Plants and animals and all other forms of life have their own defense against free radicals and the oxidative damage they cause. For this reason, antioxidants are found in almost all foods of plant and animal origin. It is important to consume antioxidants in the form of food. In fact, our lives depend on the intake of certain antioxidants - namely vitamin C and vitamin E. The health benefits associated with a plant-rich diet are at least partly due to the wide range of antioxidants it provides (9).

Meat products and fish also contain antioxidants (10, 11), albeit in smaller quantities compared to fruit and vegetables. Berries are a particularly good source of antioxidants (12). And then there are a number of other good sources of antioxidants...including green tea, coffee and dark chocolate. According to some studies, coffee is one of the best sources of antioxidants in the Western diet (13, 14), but this is partly due to the fact that the average person doesn't eat many antioxidant-rich foods. Antioxidants can also extend the shelf life of both natural and processed foods, which is why they are often used as food additives (15). Vitamin C, for example, is added to processed foods as a preservative.

Summary: Our diet is an essential source of antioxidants. These are found in foods of animal and plant origin and are particularly abundant in fruits, vegetables and beverages such as coffee and tea.

Different types of antioxidants found in food

There are a large number of different antioxidants found in food. These can be roughly divided into two different groups - water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants.

Water-soluble antioxidants release their effects in the fluids inside and outside the cells, while fat-soluble antioxidants act primarily in the cell membranes. Here is a list of some important antioxidants found in food:

• Vitamin C: is one of the most important water-soluble antioxidants and is an essential nutrient.
• Vitamin E: is the primary fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a critical role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.
• Flavonoids: are a group of antioxidants found in plant foods. Flavonoids have many positive effects on health (16).

Many substances that belong to the class of antioxidants can also have other important functions in the body. Prominent examples of this are the curcuminoids found in turmeric and the oleocanthal found in extra virgin olive oil. These substances function as antioxidants, but they also have powerful anti-inflammatory activities (17, 18). Summary: There are many different types of antioxidants in our diet, including vitamin C, vitamin E and flavonoids. These substances may also fulfill other functions unrelated to their antioxidant activity.

Should you use antioxidant supplements?

An intake of antioxidants is essential for optimal health. However, more is not always better. Excessive intake of isolated antioxidants can have toxic effects and even promote oxidative damage rather than prevent it. In fact, some studies have even shown that extremely high doses of antioxidants can increase the risk of death (19, 20). For this reason, it may make sense not to use extremely high doses of antioxidant supplements.

A study using blood orange juice showed that it had a significantly stronger antioxidant effect than water mixed with sugar and the same amount of vitamin C (21). This is due to the fact that real food contains hundreds, if not thousands, of different nutrients that work together synergistically. Taking just one or two nutrients in isolation will not have the same positive effects. The best and healthiest strategy for ensuring an adequate intake of antioxidants is a diet rich in a variety of fruits and vegetables (22), combined with other healthy eating habits.

However, a sensible dosage that is not too high, such as those found in some multivitamin products, can be beneficial if you are deficient in certain nutrients or find it difficult to maintain a healthy diet.

Conclusion

An adequate intake of antioxidants is an essential part of a healthy diet...however, taking too many isolated antioxidants in the form of high-dose supplements may do more harm than good.

At the end of the day, the best way to get the right amount of antioxidants is to follow a diet of real food that includes plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables.

References:

1. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/761264/
2. http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/92/9/3007?sso-checked=true
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448694/
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC209408/
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9844997
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948241
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923182
8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9357853
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159237
10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684086
11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138166
12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096093
13. https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/134/3/562/4688575
14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506489
15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23501254
16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23953879
17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633300/
18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443487
19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464182
20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537682
21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349075
22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159237

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/antioxidants-explained#section6