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Wine

Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by fermenting grapes.

Wine is used to prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system including coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, heart failure, heart attack and stroke. Wine is also used to prevent mental decline in old age, as well as to prevent Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Some people use wine to reduce anxiety, stimulate appetite and improve digestion by increasing stomach acid production. Wine is sometimes applied directly to the skin to improve wound healing and to loosen the small nodules that occasionally appear near joints in rheumatoid arthritis.

How does wine work?

Wine contains ethanol (alcohol), which blocks various pathways in the brain. Wine also contains chemicals that may have beneficial effects on the heart and blood circulation, such as antioxidant effects and preventing the formation of blood clots.

How effective is wine?

Wine is likely to be effective when it comes to the following applications:

  • Prevention of diseases of the heart and circulatory system such as heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis and chest pain (angina). There is some evidence that consuming one alcoholic drink per day for at least 3 to 4 days per week is a good rule of thumb for people who drink alcohol. However, you should not drink more than two alcoholic drinks per day. More than two alcoholic drinks per day can increase the overall risk of death, as well as the risk of dying from heart disease. Scientists have found the following:

    • Consumption of alcoholic beverages, including wine, by healthy people appears to reduce the risk of developing heart disease. Light to moderate alcohol consumption (one to two drinks per day) reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and heart attack by 30 to 50% compared to people who do not drink alcohol.
    • Light to moderate alcohol consumption (one to two drinks a day) reduces the risk of a stroke caused by a clot in the blood vessels (ischemic stroke), but increases the risk of a stroke caused by a burst blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).
    • Light to moderate alcohol consumption (one to two drinks per day) in the year before the first heart attack is associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease and overall risk of death compared to people who do not drink alcohol.
    • In men who already have coronary heart disease, consumption of 1 to 14 alcoholic drinks per week, including wine, appears to have no effect on heart disease or overall mortality risk compared to men who drink less than one alcoholic drink per week. The consumption of three or more alcoholic drinks per day is associated with a higher risk of death in men who have already suffered one or more heart attacks.

  • Reducing the risk of dying from heart disease, stroke or other causes: There is evidence that light to moderate alcohol consumption can reduce the overall risk of death in people in middle age or older.

Wine may be effective in the following applications:

  • Preventing heart failure: there is evidence that consuming one to four alcoholic drinks per day reduces the risk of heart failure in people 65 and over.
  • Prevention of type 2 diabetes and heart disease in people who suffer from diabetes: People who consume alcohol in moderate amounts appear to have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. People who suffer from diabetes and consume alcohol in moderate amounts appear to have a reduced risk of coronary heart disease compared to diabetics who do not drink alcohol. The reduction in risk is similar to the risk found in healthy people who consume alcohol in low to moderate amounts.
  • Maintaining thinking ability with increasing age. Older men who have had one alcoholic drink per day in the past appear to maintain better overall thinking ability in their late seventies and eighties compared to people who have not consumed alcohol. Consuming more than four alcoholic drinks per day in middle age, on the other hand, appears to be associated with significantly lower thinking ability in old age.
  • Preventing stomach ulcers caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori: There is evidence that moderate to high alcohol consumption (more than 75 grams of pure alcohol) per week in the form of beverages such as beer and wine may reduce the risk of Helicobacter Pylori infection.

There is not enough scientific data to evaluate the efficacy of wine in the following applications:

  • Prevention of Alzheimer's disease: there is growing evidence to suggest that one or two alcoholic drinks per day may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease in men and women compared to people who do not consume alcohol.
  • Anxiety: The effects of alcohol on anxiety are complicated and may be influenced by the psychological state of the user. Alcohol can sometimes reduce anxiety, sometimes make it worse and in other cases has no effect.
  • Osteoporosis: There is growing evidence to suggest that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with stronger bones in post-menopausal women. Alcohol consumption in the range of half to one alcoholic drink per day appears to have the strongest effect on bone strength compared to no alcohol and high alcohol consumption.
  • Reducing cancer risk: There is some evidence that consuming up to 21 alcoholic drinks including wine per week may slightly reduce the risk of cancer-related mortality.

There is also insufficient scientific information on the effectiveness of wine when used to treat wounds and ulcers.

Further scientific research is needed to assess the effectiveness of wine in these applications.

Safety and side effects

Wine is probably safe and harmless for most adults if no more than two 150 ml glasses are consumed per day. Higher amounts should be avoided. Higher amounts can cause flushing, confusion, blackouts, difficulty walking, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea and other serious problems.

Long-term consumption of large amounts of wine can cause serious health problems including addiction, mental problems, heart problems, liver problems, pancreatic problems and certain types of cancer.

Precautions and warnings

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Alcohol is not safe and harmless during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It can seriously harm the unborn child and cause malformations. Alcohol consumption - especially during the first two months of pregnancy - is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, fetal alcohol syndrome and behavioral problems after birth. For all these reasons, pregnant women should not drink alcohol.

Breastfeeding women should also avoid alcohol. Alcohol can pass into breast milk and cause abnormal development of skills that include both mental and muscular coordination. In addition, alcohol can disrupt the sleep patterns of infants. Although the opposite is often heard, alcohol appears to reduce milk production.

Asthma: The consumption of wine has been linked to asthma attacks. This could be related to the salicylates and added nitrites in wine.

Gout: Alcohol consumption can aggravate gout.

Heart disease: Although there is some evidence that moderate wine consumption may help prevent heart failure, wine is harmful to people who already have heart failure. Drinking alcohol can worsen chest pain and existing heart failure.

High blood pressure: Drinking three or more alcoholic drinks a day can increase blood pressure and aggravate high blood pressure.

High triglyceride levels: Drinking alcohol can worsen blood lipid levels.

Sleep problems (insomnia): Consuming alcohol can worsen sleep problems.

Liver diseases: Alcohol consumption can aggravate liver diseases.

Neurological disorders: The consumption of alcohol can aggravate certain disorders of the nervous system.

Pancreatitis: Alcohol consumption can aggravate pancreatitis.

Stomach ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease: Alcohol consumption can aggravate these conditions.

Porphyria: Alcohol can aggravate porphyria.

Mental problems: Consuming three or more alcoholic drinks per day can aggravate mental problems.

Surgeries: Wine can slow down the functioning of the central nervous system. There are concerns that combining wine with anesthetics and other medications used during or after surgery may slow central nervous system function too much. For this reason, wine should be avoided during the last 2 weeks before surgery.

Interactions

Wine should not be combined with the following medications

Chlorpropamide

The body breaks down alcohol to get rid of it. Chlorpropamide may slow down the rate at which the body breaks down alcohol. A combination of alcohol and chlorpropamide can cause headaches, vomiting, hot flushes and other unpleasant reactions.

Cisapride

The body breaks down alcohol to get rid of it. Cisapride may reduce the rate at which the body breaks down alcohol. A combination of alcohol and cisapride could increase the effects and side effects of alcohol.

Cyclosporine

Wine may increase the amount of cyclosporine absorbed by the body. Combining wine with cyclosporine could increase the side effects of cyclosporine.

Felodipine

Red wine can affect the way the body absorbs and breaks down felodipine. Drinking wine while taking felodipine for high blood pressure could result in an excessive drop in blood pressure.

Medication for depression (MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase inhibitors))

Wine contains a chemical called tyramine. Large amounts of tyramine can cause high blood pressure. Normally, the body breaks down tyramine in order to excrete it, which prevents tyramine from increasing blood pressure. Some medications used in the treatment of depression prevent the body from breaking down tyramine. This can result in high levels of tyramine in the body and dangerously high blood pressure.

Painkillers (narcotic drugs)

The body breaks down some drugs in order to be able to excrete them. The alcohol in wine may reduce the rate at which the body breaks down some painkillers. Combining wine with these drugs could increase the effects and side effects of painkillers.

Medications that can damage the liver

The alcohol contained in wine can damage the liver. A combination of wine and medicines that can damage the liver can increase the risk of liver damage.

Metronidazole

The alcohol contained in wine can interact with metronidazole. A combination of alcohol with metronidazole can lead to stomach discomfort, vomiting, sweating, headaches and accelerated heart rate.

Sedatives (CNS suppressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines)

The alcohol contained in wine can cause drowsiness and dizziness. Drugs that cause drowsiness and dizziness are known as sedatives. A combination of sedatives with alcohol could cause excessive drowsiness and serious side effects.

Care should be taken when combining alcohol with the following medications

Antibiotics (sulphonamide antibiotics)

The alcohol contained in wine can interact with some antibiotics. This can lead to stomach problems, vomiting, sweating, headaches and an accelerated heart rate. For this reason, you should not drink alcohol if you are taking antibiotics.

Aspirin

Aspirin can potentially damage the stomach and cause stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding. The alcohol contained in wine can also damage the stomach. A combination of aspirin and alcohol could increase the risk of stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding.

Cefamandol

The alcohol contained in wine can interact with cefamandol. This can lead to stomach discomfort, vomiting, sweating, headaches and accelerated heart rate.

Cefoperazone

The alcohol contained in wine can interact with cefoperazone. This can lead to stomach discomfort, vomiting, sweating, headaches and accelerated heart rate.

Drugs that reduce stomach acid (H2 blockers)

Some medications that reduce stomach acid can interact with the alcohol contained in wine. Combining wine with such medications could increase the amount of alcohol absorbed by the body and thus increase the risk of alcohol-related side effects.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are medications used to reduce pain and swelling. In some cases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can damage the stomach and organs of the digestive tract and cause stomach ulcers and bleeding. The alcohol contained in wine can also damage the stomach and digestive organs. A combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol could increase the risk of stomach ulcers and stomach bleeding.

Tolbutamide

The body breaks down alcohol to get rid of it. Tolbutamide can reduce the rate at which the body breaks down alcohol. Combining alcohol with tolbutamide can cause throbbing headaches, vomiting, flushing and other unpleasant reactions.

"Dosages" used

Alcohol consumption is often measured by the number of alcoholic drinks. One drink corresponds to 120 ml of wine, or 350 ml of beer or 30 ml of high-proof alcoholic beverages.

The following "dosages" have been used in scientific studies:

  • To reduce the risk of developing heart disease or a stroke: one or two drinks (120 to 240 ml of wine).
  • To reduce the risk of developing heart failure: up to four glasses of wine per day.
  • To reduce the risk of mental decline in older men: up to one alcoholic drink per day.
  • To reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in healthy men: Two drinks per week to three drinks per day.
  • To reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease in diabetics. Up to seven drinks per week.
  • To reduce the risk of Helicobacter pylori infection: 75 grams of pure alcohol in the form of drinks such as wine. Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause stomach ulcers.

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